There is much debate now—in both developed and developing economies—on the merits or de-merits of universal basic income (UBI), with strong opinions on either side. Advocates clash with those who see targeted transfers to the poor—such as the conditional cash transfers first pioneered in Latin America—as better at providing incentives for long-term investments in health, education, and labor force participation. Yet some research finds that targeted public welfare programs often come with stigma and disempowerment , in addition to high administrative costs , supporting the case for universal basic income guarantees. Critics of universal programs highlight the fiscal burdens […]
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